The average daily commuting distances typically range from 21 to 28 km. Data of daily commuting distances in recent years are also analyzed. A model is fitted for estimating AVKT based on region, city type, automaker, price range, and certain vehicle features including class and age. Another trend is that more expensive or larger vehicles tend to be driven more. Generally, vehicles in small cities have higher AVKT than in big cities, except AVKT of tier 1 cities being higher. The investigation reveals that vehicles from South China have the highest AVKT at 13,320 km. The log-transformed average AVKT is estimated to more » be 12,377 km with 95% probability ranging from 5490 to 28,579 km. The data sample from a survey consists of 169,292 privately owned passenger vehicles, made by 177 car manufacturers during 2003–2018, running in 82 cities from 27 provincial regions. This study attempts to estimate annual vehicle kilometers traveled (AVKT) per privately-owned passenger vehicle and their daily distance patterns by vehicle class and geographic region. Given the explosive growth of the passenger vehicle market and energy demands in China, research on vehicle-use intensity and driver-travel patterns is critical for better assessing travel demand and its implications for alternative fuel vehicles, energy security, and environmental policies.
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more » From this study it is concluded that hybrid vehicles are best suited for short range driving the life cycle cost of the preliminary design near term HV is 25% higher than that for a ICE vehicle the availability of essential materials such as battery leads needs investigation and further evaluation of the effects of acute petroleum shortages as well as increased fuel prices and of the desirability of various sizes of HV's is required.
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The reliability and safety, life cycle costs, and computerized simulation of vehicle performance are discussed.
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Using a modified General Motors X-body car (Citation) as the base vehicle, the preliminary design of the vehicle, the power train, including internal combustion engine, batteries, and transmission, and the electronic control system are described. After analyzing automobile usage in terms of trip lengths and purposes, the petroleum savings that could result from using hybrid versus conventional passenger vehicles were estimated. = ,Īctivities in Phase I of a program to develop a preliminary design of a hybrid (electric and internal combustion engine powered) vehicle are summarized.